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Mutations in plant cells can be induced by:
Mutations in plant breeding are induced artificially using physical mutagens like Gamma rays (or chemical mutagens like EMS)! In mung bean, resistance to yellow mosaic virus and powdery mildew was successfully induced by gamma rays. Match Option (3)!
Mutation breeding is the process of breeding crops by inducing mutations artificially using chemical or physical mutagens, followed by screening and selection of plants with desirable agronomic traits:
High-energy ionizing radiation—specifically gamma rays (typically emitted by Cobalt-60 sources)—penetrates plant tissues, generating free radicals and causing single- and double-strand breaks in chromosomal DNA:
In mung bean (*Vigna radiata*), resistance to Yellow Mosaic Virus () and powdery mildew was induced through mutation breeding using gamma irradiation.
Diagnose every choice: Know exactly why the right option works and why distractors fail.
Kinetin is a synthetic adenine-derivative cytokinin that induces cytokinesis and shoot morphogenesis in plant tissue culture, not mutations.
Infrared radiation is non-ionizing thermal radiation with insufficient photon energy to alter nucleotide chemical structure.
Gamma rays are high-energy ionizing physical mutagens routinely used to induce mutations in plant cells.
Zeatin is a naturally occurring cytokinin first isolated from corn kernels (*Zea mays*), possessing no mutagenic properties.
Options (1) Kinetin and (4) Zeatin are familiar biotechnology words. However, they are growth promoters, not mutagens.
"It is possible to induce mutations artificially through use of chemicals or radiations (like gamma rays), and selecting and using the plants that have the desirable character as a source in breeding."
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