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Presence of which of the following conditions in urine are indicative of Diabetes Mellitus?
In diabetes mellitus, insulin deficiency or insensitivity causes hyperglycemia, leading to glucose spillover in urine (Glycosuria) and excessive fatty acid breakdown into ketone bodies in urine (Ketonuria). Uremia is high urea in blood. Mark Option (3) in 5 seconds!
Diabetes mellitus is a metabolic disorder caused by deficiency of insulin or insulin resistance. As a result, blood glucose levels rise dramatically (hyperglycemia).
When blood glucose exceeds the renal threshold (normally ~180 mg/dL), proximal convoluted tubules cannot reabsorb all the filtered glucose, resulting in glucose excretion in urine (Glycosuria).
Because glucose cannot effectively enter insulin-dependent tissue cells, the body mobilizes fats for cellular energy. Accelerated beta-oxidation of fatty acids in the liver produces ketone bodies (acetoacetic acid, acetone) which spill into urine (Ketonuria).
Uremia is accumulation of urea in blood due to renal failure; Renal calculi are kidney stones composed of crystallized oxalates. Only Glycosuria and Ketonuria indicate Diabetes Mellitus.
Diagnose every choice: Know exactly why the right option works and why distractors fail.
Incorrect; uremia is the accumulation of urea in the blood resulting from kidney failure, not a urinary indicator of diabetes mellitus.
Incorrect; renal calculi are insoluble stone formations (oxalates) and uremia is urea retention in blood.
Factually exact; NCERT explicitly specifies that presence of glucose (glycosuria) and ketone bodies (ketonuria) in urine are indicative of diabetes mellitus.
Incorrect; hyperglycemia is high glucose in BLOOD, not a condition in urine, and renal calculi are kidney stones.
Hyperglycemia is in BLOOD; Glycosuria is in URINE. Uremia is high urea in BLOOD; Ketonuria is ketone bodies in URINE.
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