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Polar molecules are the molecules:
Verbatim NCERT Electrostatics definition: Polar molecules have non-coincident centers of positive and negative charge, hence possessing a PERMANENT electric dipole moment even in zero external field! Non-polar molecules have zero permanent dipole moment. Match Option (4)!
In a molecule, the effective centers of positive charges (atomic nuclei) and negative charges (electron clouds) determine molecular polarity:
NCERT defines both categories explicitly: - Non-polar molecule: The centers of positive and negative charges coincide. Thus, the molecule has no permanent (or intrinsic) dipole moment (e.g., ). - Polar molecule: The centers of positive and negative charges are separated by a finite displacement even when no external field is applied. Therefore, polar molecules possess an intrinsic, permanent electric dipole moment (e.g., ).
When placed in an external electric field, the permanent dipoles experience a torque that tends to align them parallel to the field direction, creating orientational polarization.
Diagnose every choice: Know exactly why the right option works and why distractors fail.
This describes non-polar molecules in the absence of an external electric field.
This describes induced dipole moments in non-polar molecules, not polar molecules.
Magnetic fields are irrelevant to the electrostatic definition of dielectric molecular polarity.
Verbatim NCERT scientific definition: polar molecules inherently possess a permanent electric dipole moment.
Students frequently confuse polar molecules (which already HAVE permanent dipoles) with non-polar molecules (which ACQUIRE induced dipoles only when an external field is turned on).
"A polar molecule is one in which the centres of positive and negative charges do not coincide, giving it a permanent electric dipole moment."
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